Hilbert's Program
- In 1921, David Hilbert made a proposal for a formalist foundation of mathematics, for which a finitary consistency proof should establish the security of mathematics. By Richard Zach.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hilbert-program/

Analysis
- The historical development and conceptual structure of philosophical analysis; by Michael Beaney.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analysis/

The Turing Test
- Proposal due to Alan Turing for a criterion of the presence of mind or consciousness; by Graham Oppy and David Dowe.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-test/

Alcmaeon
- Life and work of early Greek medical writer and philosopher-scientist; by Carl Huffman.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/alcmaeon/

Episteme and Techne
- Discussion of the distinction between knowledge and craft, or art in ancient philosophy; by Richard Parry.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/episteme-techne/

Reflective Equilibrium
- The result of a process of reflection on an area of (moral) inquiry, a notion figuring prominently in Rawls' Theory of Justice; by Norman Daniels.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reflective-equilibrium/

Laws of Nature
- Philosophical theories about what it is to be a law; by John W. Carroll.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laws-of-nature/

Karl Leonhard Reinhold
- Life and work of 19th century Austrian philosopher; by Dan Breazeale.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/karl-reinhold/

Adorno, Theodor
- Life and work of 20th century German philosopher and critical theorist; by Lambert Zuidervaart.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/adorno/

Saadya [Saadiah]
- Life and work of Saadya Gaon (Saadya ben Joseph, known in Arabic as Sa'id ‘ibn Yusuf al-Fayyûmî, 10th century theologian, philosopher and rabbi; by Sarah Pessin.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/saadya/

Eliminative Materialism
- The view that some or all of the mental states posited by common-sense do not actually exist; by William Ramsey.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/materialism-eliminative/

Scientific Explanation
- Philosophical theories about the nature of explanation in science; by James Woodward.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-explanation/

Arthur Schopenhauer
- Life and work of 19th century German philosopher; by Robert Wicks.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schopenhauer/

Mereology
- The theory of parthood relations: of the relations of part to whole and the relations of part to part within a whole; by Achille Varzi.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mereology/

Consequentialism
- The view that normative properties depend only on consequences; by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/

The Free Rider Problem
- Philosophical issues related to collective action; by Russell Hardin.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/free-rider/

Speusippus
- Life and work of Speusippus of Athens, son of Plato's sister Potone and head of the Academy; by Russell Dancy.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/speusippus/

Biological Altruism
- Discussion of how altruistic behavior by organisms fits with the theory of evolution; by Samir Okasha.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/altruism-biological/

Plato's Middle Period Metaphysics and Epistemology
- Discussion of Plato's views on metaphysics and the theory of knowledge, including his theory of forms; by Allan Silverman.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-metaphysics/

Giambattista Vico
- Life and work of 18th century Italian philosopher; by Timothy Costelloe.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/vico/

Biodiversity
- Discussion of philosophical issues related to biological diversity; by Daniel P. Faith.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/biodiversity/

Roman Ingarden
- Life and work of Polish phenomenologist, ontologist and aesthetician; by Amie Thomasson.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ingarden/

Punishment
- Philosophical justifications of punishment; by Hugo Adam Bedau.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/punishment/

Sovereignty
- Modern notion of political authority of supreme authority within a territory; by Dan Philpott.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sovereignty/

Aesthetic Judgment
- Philosophical theories about judgments of taste; by Nick Zangwill.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aesthetic-judgment/

Archytas
- Life and work of fourth century BC Greek mathematician, political leader and philosopher; by Carl Huffman.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/archytas/

Jonathan Edwards
- Life and work of 18th century American philosophical theologian; by William Wainwright.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/edwards/

Bayes' Theorem
- Discussion of a formula to calculate conditional probabilities which figures in subjectivist approaches to epistemology; by James Joyce.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bayes-theorem/

Plotinus
- Life and work of this founder of Neoplatonism; by Lloyd Gerson.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plotinus/

The Computational Theory of Mind
- The philosophical theopry that the mind is, or functions like, a computer; by Steven Horst.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computational-mind/

The Moral Status of Animals
- Philosophical theories about the difference between animals and humans responsible for the moral status of humans. By Lori Gruen.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-animal/

Qualia: The Knowledge Argument
- Aims to establish that conscious experience involves non-physical properties. It is one of the most discussed arguments against physicalism; by Martine Nida-Rümelin.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qualia-knowledge/

Fuzzy Logic
- Survey of logical systems with a continuum of truth values; by Petr Hajek.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-fuzzy/

Libertarianism
- Theory about the permissibility of non-consensual force violating property rights in external things and oneself; by Peter Vallentyne.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertarianism/

Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach
- Life and work of French Enlightenment philosoher; by Michael LeBuffe.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/holbach/

Philosophy of Childhood
- The philosophy of childhood takes up philosophically interesting questions about childhood, about conceptions people have of childhood and attitudes they have toward children; by Gareth Matthews.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/childhood/

The Problem of Evil
- Does the world contain undesirable states of affairs that provide the basis for an argument that makes it unreasonable for anyone to believe in the existence of God?; by Michael Tooley.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evil/

Logic and games
- Survey of game-theoretical approaches to logic; by Wilfrid Hodges.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-games/

William Penbygull
- Life and work of 15th Century Oxford Realist philosopher; by Alessandro Conti.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/penbygull/

Robert Alyngton
- Life and work of 14th Century British philosopher, follower of Wyclif and Burley; by Alessandro Conti.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/alyngton/

Robert Holkot
- Life and Work of Robert Holcot, 14th Century English philosopher and theologian; by Hester Gelber.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/holkot/

Charles Hartshorne
- Life and work of 20th Century metaphysician and philosopher of religion; by Dan Dombrowski.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hartshorne/

Abstract Objects
- Survey of attempts to draw the distinction between concrete and abstract objects; by Gideon Rosen.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abstract-objects/

Automated Reasoning
- Survey of automated deduction and theorem proving; by Frederic Portoraro.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reasoning-automated/

Bayesian Epistemology
- Epistemological movement based on Bayesian confirmation and decision theory; by William Talbott.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-bayesian/

Epistemological Problems of Perception
- Discussion of how sense experience justifies or warrants beliefs about the physical world; by Lawrence BonJour.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/perception-episprob/

Being and Becoming in Modern Physics
- Discusses implications of general relativity for the philosophy of time; by Steven Savitt.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-bebecome/

Truthlikeness
- Discussion of notion of verisimilitude, closeness to truth; by Graham Oddie.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truthlikeness/

Naturalized Epistemology
- The view that epistemology is of one piece with natural science; by Richard Feldman.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-naturalized/

Baruch Spinoza
- Life and work of 17th century Dutch Rationalist philosopher; by Steven Nadler.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spinoza/

Scottish Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century
- Survey of Scottish Enlightenment philosophers, including Francis Hutcheson, Henry Home (Lord Kames), and George Campbell; by lexander Broadie.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scottish-18th/

Charles Sanders Peirce
- Life and work of 19th century American logician and philosopher; by Robert Burch.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce/

Descartes' Ontological Argument
- Discussion of René Descartes ontological proof of the existence of God; by Lawrence Nolan.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-ontological/

Moral Particularism
- The claim that there are no defensible moral principles; by Jonathan Dancy.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-particularism/

John Duns Scotus
- In-depth article on the life, work, and thought of John Duns Scotus. By Thomas Williams.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/duns-scotus/

Medieval Theories of Relations
- Survey of medieval views concerning the nature and ontological status of relations; by Jeffrey Brower.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/relations-medieval/

Interpretation and Coherence in Legal Reasoning
- Survey of theories on legal reasoning; by Julie Dickson.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-reas-interpret/

On The Nature of Law
- Survey of theories on the conditions of legal validity including natural law theories and legal positivism; by Andrei Marmor.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-nature/

Panpsychism
- The doctrine that mind is a fundamental feature of the world which exists throughout the universe; by William Seager.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/panpsychism/

Aristotle's Ethics
- Discussion of Aristotle's ethical views; by Richard Kraut.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-ethics/

Peter of Spain (Petrus Hispanus)
- Life and work of 13th century logician and author of the Tractatus; by Joke Spruyt.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peter-spain/

Philosophy of Statistical Mechanics
- By Lawrence Sklar.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statphys-statmech/

René Descartes' Life and Works
- Life and work of 17th century French philosopher; by Kurt Smith.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-works/

Integrity
- Discussion of integrity as a virtue term; by Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/integrity/

Higher-order Theories of Consciousness
- Theories which explain conscious states by their relations to higher-order representations of them; by Peter Carruthers.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-higher/

The Unity of Consciousness
- History and philosophical accounts of unity of consciousness; by Andrew Brook.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-unity/

Equality
- Survey of social and political equality; by Stefan Gosepath.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/equality/

Francis of Marchia
- Life and work of 14th century French theologian; by Christopher Schabel.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/francis-marchia/

Robert Desgabets
- Life and work of 17th century Cartesian philosopher; by Patricia Easton.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/desgabets/

Social Epistemology
- Survey of views on the social dimension of knowledge; by Alvin Goldman.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-social/

David Hume
- Life and work of 18th century Scottish philosopher; by William Edward Morris.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume/

John Austin
- Life and work of 19th century British legal philosopher and founder of legal positivism; by Brian Bix.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/austin-john/

Physicalism
- Discussion of the thesis that everything is physical; by Daniel Stoljar.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physicalism/

The Analysis of Knowledge
- Survey of analyses of the concept of knowledge, including justified true belief and the Gettier problem; by Matthias Steup.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-analysis/

Richard Rorty
- Life and work of 20th century American philosopher; by Bjørn Ramberg.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rorty/

Benjamin Peirce
- Life and work of 19th century mathematician and philosopher of mathematics; by Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce-benjamin/

Albert of Saxony
- Life and work of 14th century German logician and philosopher; by Joël Biard.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/albert-saxony/

Dante Alighieri
- Life and work of 13th century Italian poet and philosopher; by Winthrop Wetherbee.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dante/

Semantic Challenges to Realism
- Realism and the representation problem; by Drew Khlentzos.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/realism-sem-challenge/

Evolutionary Epistemology
- Survey of naturalistic epistemology which emphasizes importance of natural selection; by Michael Bradie and William Harms
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-evolutionary/

Constitutionalism
- Philosophical survey of the idea that government should be limited in its powers by law; by Wil Waluchow.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/constitutionalism/

Counterfactual Theories of Causation
- Discussion of analysis of causal statements in terms of counterfactual conditionals; by Peter Menzies.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-counterfactual/

Curry's Paradox
- Discussion of a semantic paradox due to Haskell B. Curry; by J. C. Beall.
- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/curry-paradox/

Moral Responsibility
- Historical survey of the concept of moral responsibility; by Andrew Eshleman.
- http://plato.sta