Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (143)
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The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 
- Free online encyclopedia. Edited by James Fieser, hosted by the University of Tennessee at Martin.
- http://www.iep.utm.edu/
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Rousseau, Jean Jacques - 18th century French author of the Social Contract, influential during the French Revolution. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/rousseau.htm    Stoic Philosophy of Mind - Description of the philosophy of Mind of the Stoics, including the relationship between mind and body, perception, action-theory, and emotion. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/s/stoicmind.htm Encyclopedists - Group of French philosophers and men of letters who collaborated in the production of the famous Encyclopedie. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/encyclop.htm Hölderlin, Johann Christian Friedrich - Examines the poet's role in the development of German Idealism. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/holderli.htm Interventionism - Examines the nature and justifications of interfering with another polity or choices made by individuals. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/i/interven.htm Identity Theory - Form of monistic materialism which maintains that mental states and brain activities are identical. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/i/identity.htm Huxley, Thomas Henry - 19th century zoologist and advocate of Darwinism. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/huxley.htm Husserl, Edmund - Leader of the German phenomenological movement. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/husserl.htm Hume, David - Enormously influential 18th century Scottish philosopher. Author of Treatise of Human Nature (1739-1740). - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/humelife.htm Humanism - Brief article on Erasmus and the Italian humanist movement. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/humanism.htm Hodgson, Shadworth - Follower of Kant, founder of the Aristotelian Society. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hodgson.htm Hobbes, Thomas - 17th century British philosopher. Author of Leviathan (1651). - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hobmoral.htm Hippias - Hippias was a sophist, a contemporary of Socrates, and an enthusiast for universality. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hippias.htm Herbert of Cherbury, Edward - 17th century historian, poet (brother of George), and philosopher. Sought to determine the nature and standard of truth, and conditions of knowledge. Precursor of the philosophy of Common Sense. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/herbert.htm Hempel, Carl Gustav - A leading member of logical positivism, the German philosopher died in 1997. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hempel.htm Helvetius, Claude Adrien - One of the 18th century Encyclopedists who held the skeptical and materialistic views common to that school of philosophy. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/helvetiu.htm Hegelians, St. Louis - 19th century group of amateur American philosophers founded and led by William Torrey Harris. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hstlouis.htm Hartmann, Karl Robert Eduard Von - 19th century German philosopher who attempted to combine the idea of Hegel with the will of Schopenhauer in 'spiritual monism.' - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hartmann.htm Hamilton, William - 19th century exponent of the Scottish common-sense philosophy. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hamilton.htm Greek Philosophy - The philosophical currents of Ancient Greek philosophy are introduced, from the Presocratic philosophers through to Proclus. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/greekphi.htm Gorgias - Greek sophist and rhetorician, known as "the Nihilist," born in 483 BCE. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/gorgias.htm God, Western Concepts of - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy article on God from Socrates to Nietzsche. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/god-west.htm German Idealism - The German reaction to empiricism, including related theories of Kant, Fichte, Hegel and others. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/germidea.htm Freud, Sigmund - Lenghty article on the father of psychoanalysis who is generally recognised as one of the most influential and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/freud.htm Fichte, Johann Gottlieb - One of the major figures in German philosophy in the period between Kant and Hegel. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/fichtejg.htm Fichte, Immanuel Hermann - Aimed to secure a philosophical basis for the personality of God. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/fichteih.htm Ferrier, James Frederick - The earliest absolute idealist in English philosophy. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/ferrier.htm Evolution - Introduces evolution through the ages, from the ancient Greeks, through Leibniz and Descartes to Darwin and Spencer. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/evolutio.htm Euclides - 4th century BCE native of Megara, and founder of the Megarian or Eristic sect. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/euclides.htm Epicurus - 4th century BCE materialist, empiricist, and hedonist. One of the major philosophers of the Hellenistic period. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/epicur.htm Epictetus - Eminent Stoic philosopher, born as a slave at Hieropolis in Phyrgia in 55 CE. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/epictetu.htm Empedocles - 5th century BCE philosopher who combined medical study with Orphic mysticism. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/empedocl.htm Emanation - The theory that all derived or secondary things flow from the primary. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/emanatio.htm Egoism, Psychological and Ethical - Maintains that the individual self is the motivating moral force and the end of moral action. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/egoism.htm Eclecticism - Group of ancient philosophers who sought to reach by selection the highest degree of probability in the search for truth. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/eclectic.htm Eckhart, Meister - 13th century Dominican mystic who was almost forgotten until Franz von Baader revived his memory in the nineteenth century. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/eckhart.htm Diogenes of Sinope - 4th cn. BCE cynic philosopher of Sinope. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/diogsino.htm Diogenes of Apollonia - Pupil of Anaximenes and contemporary of Anaxagoras in the 6th cn. BCE. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/diogapol.htm Diogenes Laertius - 3rd century biographer of ancient Greek philosophers. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/dioglaer.htm Diderot, Denis - The most prominent of the French Encyclopedists and one of the leaders of the Enlightenment. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/diderot.htm Dewey, John - Leading light of the 20th century American school of thought known as pragmatism. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/dewey.htm Descartes, René - Early modern philosopher who rejected religious authority in the quest for scientific and philosophical knowledge. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/descarte.htm Demonax - Philosopher of the second century CE. who tried to revive the philosophy of the Cynic School. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/demonax.htm Democritus - 4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera who expanded the atomic theory of Leucippus. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/democrit.htm Cyrenaics - Description of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy, which flourished from the 5th-3rd centuries BCE. The Cyrenaics were skeptics and hedonists. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cyren.htm Cicero, Marcus Tullius - 1st century BCE Roman orator and philosopher of the New Academy. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cicero.htm Cleanthes - Stoic philosopher of Assus in Lydia, disciple of Zeno of Citium. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cleanthe.htm Cudworth, Ralph - 17th century 'Cambridge Platonist' who fought for preservation of religious ideals, including divine illumination. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cudwor.htm Cumberland, Richard - 17th century critic of Hobbes and the neo-Platonists. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cumberla.htm Deism, English - Explores the deism of Hobbes, Locke, Tindal, and the influence of Hume. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/deismeng.htm Davidson, Donald - Introduction to one of the most significant philosophers concerned with philosophy of mind and action of the 20th/21st century. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/davidson.htm Capital Punishment - The issue of capital punishment involves determining whether the execution of criminals is ever justified. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/capitalp.htm Carnap, Rudolf - Extensive article about his life and work, by Mauro Murzi. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/carnap.htm Chinese Room Argument - John Searle's thought experiment is one of the best known counters to claims of artificial intelligence. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/chineser.htm Chrysippus - Prolific stoic of Soli, and disciple of Cleanthes. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/chrysipp.htm Social Contract Theory - View that morality is based on social agreements that serve the interests of those who make the agreement. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/s/soc-cont.htm Caird, Edward - Nineteenth century Scottish philosopher who was one of the key figures of the idealist movement that dominated British philosophy from 1870 until the mid 1920s. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/caird.htm Butler, Joseph - 18th century icon of a highly intellectualized theology. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/butler.htm Bolingbroke, Henry St. John - 18th century Tory disciple of Locke. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bolingbr.htm Berlin Circle - Group of academics who gathered round Hans Reichenbach in late 1920s and later joined up with the Vienna Circle. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/berlinci.htm Berkeley, George - Influential 18th century Irish philosopher. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/berkeley.htm Bentham, Jeremy - Extensive article on the 18th century 'founder' of utilitarianism. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bentham.htm Behaviorism - Theory in philosophy of mind which maintains that talk of mental events should be translated into talk about observable behavior. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/behavior.htm Beccaria, Cesare - 18th century aristocrat whose work 'On Crimes and Punishments (1764)' inspired reform in the Italian criminal justice system. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/beccaria.htm Bakhtin Circle - School of Russian thought centered on the work of Bakhtin which focused on questions of signification in artistic creation. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bakhtin.htm Augustine - Extensive article on the life and work of the 4th century ecclesiastical author. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/augustin.htm Aristotle - The life and work of the 4th century BCE Greek philosopher. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aristotl.htm Aristippus - Description of the life and teachings of the philosopher Aristippus, founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aristip.htm Aquinas, Thomas - The life and work of the major figure in scholastic philosophy. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aquinas.htm Antisthenes - Athenian philosopher and founder of the Cynic sect who was born around 440 BCE. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/antisthe.htm Anselm - 11th century English prelate who developed views of atonement and satisfaction which are still held by orthodox theologians. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anselm.htm Animals and Ethics - Consideration of moral status of non-human animals. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anim-eth.htm Anaximenes - 5th century BCE Greek philosopher of Miletus who regarded 'air' as the primary form of body. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anaximen.htm Anaximander - Greek philosopher of Miletus, born 611 BCE who thought it unnecessary to fix upon air, water, or fire as the original and primary form of body. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anaximan.htm Anaxarchus - 4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera, from the school of Democritus. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anaxarch.htm Anaxagoras - Greek philosopher born about 500 BCE, responsible for giving philosophy a home at Athens and the first philosopher to introduce a spiritual principle which gives matter life and form. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anaxagor.htm Aenesidemus - Biography of the 1st century philosopher who defended the ten tropes of skepticism. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aeneside.htm Active Powers - The capacities of impulse and desire which lead to or determine human action, as described by 18th and 19th century Scottish common sense philosophy. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/activepo.htm Academy - Description of the philosophical institution founded by Plato, which advocated skepticism in succeeding generations. - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/academy.htm Rights, Human - A treatment of the origins and development of the theory of human rights, with philosophical analysis, justifications, and criticisms. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hum-rts.htm Plato - Biography and description of the philosophy of Plato. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/plato.htm Truth - Philosophical theories on the nature of truth, by Bradley Dowden and Norman Swartz. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/truth.htm Russell's Paradox - Examines self-referential linguistics used to describe properties and sets. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/par-russ.htm Xenophon - Pupil of Socrates, who contributed to the record of his life. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/x/xenophon.htm Xenophanes - Eleatic school, powerful 6th century BCE critic of polytheism. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/x/x-phanes.htm Wittgenstein, Ludwig - Detailed essay on the life and work of the 20th century philosopher. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/w/wittgens.htm Warburton, William - 18th century Church of England bishop, and critic of the Deists. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/w/warburto.htm Voluntarism - Theory that God or the ultimate nature of reality is conceived as some form of will. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/voluntar.htm Virtue Theory - View that morality is the development of or virtues. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/virtue.htm Vienna Circle - Organised the development of logical positivism in the 1920s. Included Carnap, Feigl, Frank, Gödel, Hahn, Kraft, Neurath, Waismann. Popper and Wittgenstein also had association with the Vienna Circle. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/viennaci.htm Time - Long article about questions of time discussed throughout the history of philosophy. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/time.htm Theophrastus - Philosopher of the Peripatetic school, successor to Aristotle at the Lyceum. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/theophra.htm Thales - Detailed biographical essay on the Ancient Greek philosopher. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/thales.htm Synderesis - Scholastic philosophy describes this as the principle in moral consciousness which directs an agent to good. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/synderes.htm Symposium - Drinking-parties in Ancient Greece where the guests reclined on couches, and were crowned with garlands of flowers. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/symposiu.htm Stoicism - Description of the system of ethics, popular in Ancient Greece, which has physics as its foundation. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stoicism.htm Stirling, James Hutchison - 19th century British Idealist, Hegelian academic. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stirling.htm Stilpo - 4th century BCE member of the Megarean school. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stilpo.htm Spinoza, Benedict - 17th century pantheist, critic of Descartes. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/spinoza.htm Sophists - Teachers of philosophy in Ancient Greece, including Protagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and Hippias. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/sophists.htm Solovyov, Vladimir - 19th century Russian philosopher. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/solovyov.htm Skepticism, Contemporary - Introduction to the current discussion of skepticism. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/skepcont.htm Skepticism, Ancient Greek - A description of skepticism in Ancient Greece, led by Pyrrho. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/skepanci.htm Shpet, Gustav - Leading proponent of Russian transcendental phenomenology. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/shpet.htm Roman Philosophy - Short introduction to Roman philosophy from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/romanphi.htm Renaissance - Brief article on the transition between middle ages and modernity. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/renaiss.htm Reichenbach, Hans - Leading German philosopher of science, and logical positivist. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/reichenb.htm Pyrrho - 4th century BCE founder of the Greek school of skepticism. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pyrrho.htm Prodicus - 5th century BCE sophist, possibly a mentor of Socrates - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/prodicus.htm Poincaré, Jules Henri - 19th century French philosopher of science. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/poincare.htm Peripatetics - Brief history of the Peripatetic doctrines. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/peripati.htm Solipsism - The doctrine of the solipsist is that existence means my existence and that of my mental states. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/solipsis.htm Ockham, William of - Detailed biography of the 14th century Franciscan. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/o/ockham.htm Neoplatonism - The revival of Greek philosophy in 3rd century BCE, led by Plotinus and his disciple, Porphyry. Influenced by both Pythagoras and Plato. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/neoplato.htm Natural Theology - Used in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to describe knowledge of God drawn from nature. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nattheol.htm Natural Law - Standards that govern human behavior objectively derived from the nature of human beings. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/natlaw.htm Moral Luck - Andrew Latus, St. Francis Xavier University, summarizes the discussion between Thomas Nagel and Bernard Williams on the question: Can luck ever make a moral difference? - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/moralluc.htm Mill, John Stuart - 19th leader and prophet of utilitarianism, heir to the Hume-Bentham line, and influential force in modern political theory. Author of On Liberty (1859), and Utilitarianism (1863). - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/milljs.htm Menippus - Third century BCE Greek philosopher and satirist. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/menippus.htm Lucretius - Roman poet and advocate of Epicurean philosophy. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lucretiu.htm Lotze, Rudolf Hermann - 19th century German philosopher who criticised the pantheism of Hegel. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lotze.htm Lombard, Peter - French scholastic theologian of the 12th century, influenced by Abelard. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lombard.htm Locke, John - Article on the life and work of the influential philosopher. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/locke.htm Positivism, Legal - Theory that law is manufactured according to certain social conventions. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/legalpos.htm Just War Theory - Some of those who have attempted to justify war include Aquinas, Grotius, and Pufendorf. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/j/justwar.htm Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich - 18th century German philosopher, famous for effective criticism of Kant. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/j/jacobi.htm Moral Philosophy - Introduction to ethics, with links to other articles at the IEP. - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/ethics.htm |
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