General Notes on Primer Design in PCR
- Article on the influence of the design of the primer on the outcome of PCR, by Dr Vincent R. Prezioso, published by Eppendorf, North America.
- http://www.eppendorfna.com/applications/pcr_appl_primer.asp?SX=NF&

Degenerate PCR
- An introduction with principle, applications and description of the technique. From the web site of Kebangsaan University, Malaysia.
- http://cgat.ukm.my/protease/degpcr.html

PCR Guru
- A downloadable textbook on PCR setup and optimization, not free.
- http://www.pcrguru.com/

C. elegans Gene Knockout Project
- Protocols including standard nested PCR, from the Biotechnology Laboratory, University of British Columbia.
- http://ko.cigenomics.bc.ca/

Technical manual of PCR
- Intended for specialists planning PCR procedures in their laboratories. From the University of Cape Town updated 2001.
- http://www.mcb.uct.ac.za/manual/pcr.htm

BioRad, Amplification, PCR
- Division of BioRad Laboratories that manufactures and sells instruments for PCR, in Hercules, California, USA.
- http://www.bio-rad.com/B2B/BioRad/product/br_category.jsp?BV_SessionID=@@@@0937418475.1167690030@@@@&BV_EngineID=ccciaddjkighejmcfngcfkmdhkkdfll.0&divName=Life+Science+Research&loggedIn=false&serviceLevel=Lit+Request&lang=English&c

DNALC: PCR Animation
- An animation explaining how the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) works, from the Dolan DNA learning center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, USA.
- http://www.dnalc.org/ddnalc/resources/shockwave/pcranwhole.html

Detection of Point Mutations by RFLP of PCR Amplified DNA Sequences
- RFLP = Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. By Alexander Binder 1997.
- http://www.uni-graz.at/~binder/thesis/node64.html

PCR Gateway
- A directory of PCR techniques, PCR protocols, PCR troubleshooting, PCR websites and online resources from the publisher Horizon Press.
- http://www.horizonpress.com/pcr/

Ingenetix GmbH
- Develops technology and products for DNA and mRNA research. Also provide DNA testing for the determination of parentage/paternity and custom DNA sequencing, oligonucleotide synthesis, genotyping services, pharmacogenetics and quantitative PCR, in Vienna,
- http://www.ingenetix.com/

Rational primer design greatly improves differential display-PCR (DD-PCR)
- Article: D Graf, AG Fisher, M Merkenschlager: Nucl. Acids Res. 25:11 2239-2240.
- http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/25/11/2239

PCR animated
- Animation illustrating the principle of PCR, from the University of Ghent, Belgium.
- http://users.ugent.be/~avierstr/principles/pcrani.html

Principle of PCR
- Applications in work on aging of Caenorhabditis elegans and phylogeny of nematodes, by Andy Vierstraete, Department of Biology, University of Ghent, Belgium.
- http://users.ugent.be/~avierstr/principles/pcr.html

GeneOhm Sciences
- Tests on gruup B Streptococcus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus by PCR / DNA sequencing.
- http://www.geneohm.com

Dolan DNA Learning Centers Gene Almanac
- Educational site on topics in genetics and gene expression from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, USA.
- http://www.dnalc.org/home.html

Optimizing DNA Amplification Protocols using the Eppendorf Mastercycler
- Basic discussion of the optimization of PCR, from the web site of Brinkmann Instruments.
- http://www.eppendorfna.com/applications/pcr_appl_protocolsmc.asp?SX=NF&

Reference in PCR
- Technical aspects of quantitative real-time PCR and RT-PCR. Instruments, kits, dyes, chemistries, and services presented by their manufacturers.
- http://www.gene-quantification.org

Kary B. Mullis - Autobiography
- The originator of PCR, from the Nobel e-museum web site.
- http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1993/mullis-autobio.html

PCR method protocols
- Protocols for PCR posted by the Helen Donis-Keller Laboratory.
- http://hg.wustl.edu/hdk_lab_manual/pcr/pcrcontents.html

Biosource molecular methods booklet
- 56 page booklet on oligonucleotides, PCR and RT-PCR, from Biosource (company).
- http://www.biosource.com/content/techCornerContent/methodPDFs/MolecularMethods.pdf

Optimizing PCR Protocols
- Brief guidelines. From the Jackson Laboratory, University of Maine, USA.
- http://www.jax.org/imr/optimize_pcr.html

Quantitative PCR Protocol
- From the Jackson Laboratory, University of Maine, USA.
- http://www.jax.org/cyto/quanpcr.html

Protocols Online: PCR Protocols
- Extensive collection of PCR protocols and methods from Protocol On Line.
- http://www.protocol-online.org/prot/Molecular_Biology/PCR/

Attotron Biosensor Corporation
- R & D company for development of biosensors and related products for the research and educational markets.
- http://www.attotron.com

RAPD analysis with P. infestans
- Protocol for Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA, by H Judelson, University of California, Riverside, USA.
- http://www.fgsc.net/methods/Judel.html

RAPD's
- Brief description of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA, from Oklahoma State University, USA.
- http://opbs.okstate.edu/~melcher/MG/MGW1/MG11127.html

RAPD PCR
- RAPD stands for Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA, where the target sequence(s) (to be amplified) is unknown.Brief description, from Rutgers University, USA.
- http://avery.rutgers.edu/WSSP/StudentScholars/project/archives/onions/rapd.html

Detection of Single Nucleotide Mutations in Wheat Using Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism Gels (PDF file)
- P Martins-Lopez, H Zhang, R Koebner, Plant Mol. Biol. Reporter 19(2001): 159-162. From National Research Coouncil Canada.
- http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ispmb/ispmb19/R01-013.pdf

Nematode ITS1 Size Variation
- Examples of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)electrophoresis slabs for different nematodes, from University of Nebrasca.
- http://nematode.unl.edu/its_id/EXAMPLES/index.htm

RFLP Definition
- RFLP = Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, from FDA
- http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~frf/rflp.html

PCR-ELISA and Related
- P Zhang, CJ Gebhart, D Burden, GE Duhamel: A low technology alternative to real time PCR, technical article on the site of BT&C, Inc Bridgewater, NJ, USA.
- http://www.btc-bti.com/pcrelisa.htm

PCR Amplification of cDNA Segments by 2 Stage Nested PCR
- Protocol from the method database of NIH, USA.
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/snp_viewTable.cgi?type=method&method_id=555

The "Poison Primer" Technique for Enhancing Detection of Small Deletions in Mutant Libraries
- This method works because the poison allows the formation of deletion products but titers out full-sized products. From the Biotechnology Laboratory, University of British Columbia.
- http://ko.cigenomics.bc.ca/poison1.html

Effect of PCR Buffer on multiplex PCR (PDF)
- Multiplex PCR employs different primer pairs in the same amplification reaction. This requires extensive optimization of annealing conditions. From Quiagen (company)
- http://www.qiagen.com/literature/brochures/pcr/pdf/pcrcha03.pdf

T-DNA Generated Enhancer Traps in Arabidopsis
- Application of inverse PCR, partial genomic libraries and TAIL-PCR in cloning flanking, at the Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH.
- http://www.dartmouth.edu/~tjack/

Inverse PCR For use with Snyder mTn-lacZ/LEU2 Based Mutagenesis
- Protocol by M McMurray, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Wa. USA.
- http://www.fhcrc.org/labs/gottschling/misc/ipcr.html

Inverse PCR for PAC-end sequencing
- To generate PCR fragments that contain the ends of PAC inserts that can be sequenced. Protocol by B Barbazuk, Washington University Zebrafish Genome Resources Project, USA.
- http://www.genetics.wustl.edu/fish_lab/frank/cgi-bin/fish/prot2.html

Inverse PCR and Cycle Sequencing of P Element Insertions for STS Generation
- Step by step protocol, by EJ Rehm, Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project, USA.
- http://www.fruitfly.org/about/methods/inverse.pcr.html

GenHunter
- Manufacturer of material for differential display PCR in Nashville, Tenn USA.
- http://www.genhunter.com

Random Arbitrarily Primed PCR
- Protocol for RAP-PCR to study prokaryotic gene expression, from the Enterococcus Research Site, University of Oklahoma, USA.
- http://www.enterococcus.ouhsc.edu/random_pcr.asp

Inverse PCR protocol
- step by step protocol, from the web site of the Department of Biology, University of Michigan, USA.
- http://www.biology.lsa.umich.edu/research/labs/maddock/protocols/PCR/inverse_pcr_protocol.html

PCR Protocol
- Detailed PCR protocol from the web site of the Department of Biology, University of Michigan, USA.
- http://www.biology.lsa.umich.edu/research/labs/maddock/protocols/PCR/general_pcr_protocol.html

Anchor Probes for Comparative Mapping of Grass Species
- Article in which probes from different libraries were used to hybridize seven cereals at the Department of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Cornell University, NY.
- http://greengenes.cit.cornell.edu/anchors/

Single tube confirmation PCR protocol
- For characterization colonies of transformed clones of Saccharaomyces, from the web site of the Stanford Genome Technology Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- http://www-sequence.stanford.edu/group/yeast_deletion_project/single_tube_protocol.html

Standard PCR protocols
- From Molecular Biology Techniques Manual, from the web site of the University of Cape Town, South Africa.
- http://web.uct.ac.za/microbiology/pcrcond.htm

Alu-PCR Hybridization
- A report and protocol, from Fondation Jean Dausset.
- http://www.cephb.fr/manips_alupcr.html

Detection of Asymmetric PCR Products in Homogeneous Solution by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy
- In asymmetric PCR, the low concentration primer is quantitatively incorporated into double stranded DNA after an appropriate number of cycles. If this primer is fluorescent labelled, the dsDNA can be quantitated from the fluorescence.
- http://imd-www.es.hokudai.ac.jp/~kinjo/fapcr/fapcrout.html

A Rapid DNA Minipreparation Method Suitable for AFLP and Other PCR Applications (PDF document)
- Preparation of DNA from plant tissues suitable for PCR methods including AFLP, article by DH CHEN and PC RONALD Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis.
- http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ispmb/ispmb17/17053-1.pdf

Which DNA Marker for Which Purpose?
- Compendia of the Research Project "Development, optimisation and validation of molecular tools for assessment of biodiversity in forest trees", European Union DGXII Biotechnology FW IV Research Programme. From the web site of the University Libr
- http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/ebook/y/1999/whichmarker

PCR Troubleshooting
- Limited to conventional straight forward PCR. Page designed and maintained by Octavian Henegariu on the web site of the Yale - New Haven Medical Center.
- http://info.med.yale.edu/genetics/ward/tavi/Trblesht.html

PCR primer design and reaction optimisation
- Article by Ed Rybicki, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town in: Molecular Biology Techniques Manual, on the web site of the University of Cape Town.
- http://web.uct.ac.za/microbiology/pcroptim.htm

PCR and multiplex PCR guide
- Discussions of the parameters influencing the PCR reaction and some PCR and multiplex PCR applications, by Octavian Henegariu on the web site of the Yale - New Haven Medical center.
- http://www.info.med.yale.edu/genetics/ward/tavi/Guide.html

Adjuvants in PCR Reactions
- Brief discussion of additives to improve amplification efficiency and specificity of PCR, by Octavian Henegariu, Yale-New Haven Medical Center.
- http://info.med.yale.edu/genetics/ward/tavi/p16.html

Optimizing Multiplex and LA-PCR with Betaine
- LA-PCR = "long and accurate PCR". Article by PN Hengen in TIBS June 1997.
- http://www-lecb.ncifcrf.gov/~pnh/papers/TIBS/jun97.html

Thermostable DNA Polymerases
- Discussion of their origin and briefly their properties. From the web site of Colorado State University.
- http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/genetics/biotech/enzymes/hotpolys.html

Fidelity of DNA Polymerases for PCR
- Article by PN Hengen from TIBS 1995
- http://www.lecb.ncifcrf.gov/~pnh/papers/TIBS/aug95.html

Wayward PCR primers
- Article by PN Hengen from TIBS 1995 on the loss of activity of PCR primers with time.
- http://www-lecb.ncifcrf.gov/~pnh/papers/TIBS/jan95.html

Kary Mullis
- Inventor Profile of Kary Mullis, the originator of PCR, from the National Inventors Hall of Fame web site.
- http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/109.html

Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Popular survey article by Mark V. Bloom, DNA Learning Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, from the web site of the US National Health Museum.
- http://www.accessexcellence.com/RC/CT/polymerase_chain_reaction.html

What the Heck is PCR?
- Popular description of the PCR technique by John C Brown, University of Kansas 1995.
- http://people.ku.edu/~jbrown/pcr.html

Tavi's PCR protocols
- A page describing the main parameters and trouble-shooting in PCR. The page is somewhat dated (updated 1997) but still useful.
- http://info.med.yale.edu/genetics/ward/tavi/PCR.html

Rep-PCR Genomic Fingerprinting
- Bacteria are characterized by Rep-PCR fingerprinting using primers corresponding to naturally occurring repetitive sequences in the interspersed regions.
- http://www.msu.edu/user/debruijn/

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- A graphic description of the principle of PCR from the US National Health Museum web site.
- http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/polymerase.html

PCR Technology
- An introduction by Connie Veilleux from the US National Health Museum website.
- http://www.accessexcellence.org/LC/SS/PS/PCR/PCR_technology.html

PCR Protocols
- Protocols and technical hints, particularly for reverse transcription PCR, somewhat outdated, compiled by Dr Jack Vanden Heuvel, Department of Veterinary Science and Molecular Toxicology Program, Penn State University
- http://www.cas.psu.edu/docs/CASDEPT/VET/jackvh/jvhpcr.html

PCR Project
- Presentations from the University of California at Berkley on PCR, both current research reports and reviews.
- http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/biotech/pcr/

HiFi DNA
- HiFi DNA is a company selling a DNA polymerase for PCR at low temperature giving accurate replication of certain sequences where Taq fails.
- http://www.hifidna.com/

Long PCR Protocol
- Protocol and guidelines for choice of conditions for PCR of long sequences (10 kb or larger). From Genetics Dept., Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- http://twod.med.harvard.edu/labgc/estep/longPCR_protocol.html

The web guide of PCR
- List of links and forum on the subject and related methodology. Set up and maintained by SJ Krivokapich, National University of Misiones, Argentina.
- http://www.pcrlinks.com/

FISH Guide and Troubleshooting
- Links to pages describing influential parameters, with guides on PCR, RT-PCR and multiplex PCR reactions, Taq, FISH, CM-FISH, TM-FISH, microarrays, CCK, slide prep and labeling, maintained by Octavian Henegariu from Yale University, New Haven, CT.
- http://info.med.yale.edu/genetics/ward/tavi/FISHguide.html

Roe Laboratory Protocols
- Molecular biological protocols, mostly PCR related used by Bruce A. Roe at the Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, OU, Norman, OK.
- http://www.genome.ou.edu/proto.html