Seven Reasons I Switched Back to PHP after Two Years on Rails
- Derek Sivers spent two years trying to make Rails do something it wasn't meant to do, then realized his old abandoned language (PHP) would do just fine if approached with my new Rails-gained wisdom.
- http://www.oreillynet.com/ruby/blog/2007/09/7_reasons_i_switched_back_to_p_1.html

An Empirical Comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl for a Search/string-processing Program
- One set of requirements, 80 implementations, coded by 74 different programmers in various languages, compared for properties: run time, memory use, source text length, comment density, program structure, reliability, effort needed. [PDF]
- http://page.mi.fu-berlin.de/prechelt/Biblio/jccpprtTR.pdf

Function.Name
- A reference book of functions and languages. You will find descriptions of these languages, and also can independently add descriptions to languages and functions. Manuals for PHP, Python, Ruby, C, Assembler and others.
- http://function.name/

Java and C++ Resource Management Comparison
- Detailed discussion of the techniques used in Java and C++ to implement leak free and exception safe resource management. Covers memory management, finalizers, destructors and finally blocks with examples.
- http://www.fatalmind.com/papers/java_vs_cplusplus/resource.pdf

Advanced Programming Language Design
- Book compares over 70 languages, and main classes: imperative, functional, object-oriented, dataflow, concurrent, declarative, aggregate. By Raphael Finkel, Addison-Wesley.
- http://www.awprofessional.com/bookstore/product.asp?isbn=0805311912&redir=1&rl=1

Ruby FAQ - How Does Ruby Stack Up Against...?
- Comparison of Ruby against Python and other high level dynamic languages. By John Dell'Aquila.
- http://faq.rubygarden.org/section/show/2?controller_prefix=faq%2F

Multi-Core Ant Colony Optimization for TSP in Erlang
- Compares Erlang, GHC Haskell, Standard ML (Alice, MLton); text, tables, graphs.
- http://eric_rollins.home.mindspring.com/erlangAnt.html

Haskell and Scheme: Which One and Why?
- Text comparison. ScienceBlogs LLC; Good Math, Bad Math.
- http://scienceblogs.com/goodmath/2006/10/haskell_and_scheme_which_one_a.php

Forth and Not C
- Pro-Forth text explains why C is used more than Forth.
- http://www.inventio.co.uk/forthnc.htm

Forth Versus C
- Pro-Forth question and answer text, some questions have several answers.
- http://www.inventio.co.uk/forthvsc.htm

Why to Move from ASM to C
- Brief text compares Assembly to C; lower to higher level language. ScienceProg.
- http://www.scienceprog.com/why-to-move-from-asm-to-c/

Popular Programming Languages
- Long text table compares many languages by brief descriptions matched to common tasks.
- http://www.scriptol.org/choose.php

Programming Languages Study
- Includes: diagram, history of languages; history of language concepts; syntax across languages; Scriptometer measures scripting ease of languages; mutability and sharing of various values in various languages.
- http://merd.sourceforge.net/pixel/language-study/

A Comparison of Ada and Real-Time Java for Safety-Critical Applications
- Slide show, was Best Paper at Ada Europe 2006 Conference, Porto, Portugal. By Ben Brosgol, AdaCore; Andy Wellings, University of York, UK. Text, diagrams.
- http://www.adacore.com/wp-content/files/attachments/PaperPresentationAE2006-Brosgol.pdf

Java and C-sharp Compared
- Briefly compares several traits; text, code samples.
- http://www.csharphelp.com/archives/archive96.html

Ada and Java: Realtime Advantages
- Compares C, Ada, Java, for flaws and strengths in realtime programming, embedded software, built-in support for multithreading; text, code samples. Embedded.com.
- http://www.embedded.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=16100316

Programmers: Otters with Rocks?
- Discusses historical move from low level languages to higher level interpreted ones, productivity, future developments. Active feedback response. [ZDNet News]
- http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-529641.html

Team Eiffel: The Zen of Python, Part I
- Text compares Python and Eiffel, via Tim Peters' Zen rules.
- http://teameiffel.blogspot.com/2006/06/zen-of-python-part-i.html

Object-Oriented Languages in the Industry: A Comparison
- Text and tables compare 4 major OO languages: Eiffel, C++, Java, Smalltalk. Criteria chosen to suggest where Eiffel is better.
- http://archive.eiffel.com/doc/manuals/technology/oo_comparison/

Eiffel and Delphi Compared
- Text compares differences of several main aspects.
- http://www.berenddeboer.net/eiffel/eiffel_and_delphi.html

A Comparison between BETA, C++, Eiffel, Java, Object Pascal, Ruby and Smalltalk
- Table compares 12 traits to side, 7 languages at top.
- http://www.ntecs.de/old-hp/s-direktnet/lang_cmp.en.htm

A Comparison between 10 Languages
- Table compares 13 traits at top, 10 languages to side: BETA, C#, C++, C-Talk, Eiffel, Java, Object Pascal, Ruby, Sather, Smalltalk.
- http://www.ntecs.de/old-hp/s-direktnet/langcomp.en.html

Perl vs. Python vs. Ruby
- Comparison with text, code samples, many reader comments. Michael Tsai weblog.
- http://mjtsai.com/blog/2002/11/25/perl_vs_python_vs_ruby/

Gnat and Linux: C++ and Java Under Fire
- Compares Ada, Java, C, C++, Delphi. Text, tables. Gnat and Linux orientation. [Linux Gazette]
- http://linuxgazette.net/issue33/burtch.html

Comparing PHP with Other Languages
- Text compares several traits of ASP.NET, C#, PHP, Java, Lisp, Perl, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk. Article with forum posts. [Professional PHP]
- http://www.procata.com/blog/archives/2006/02/09/comparing-php-with-other-languages/

Comparing Python and Ruby
- Informal experiment on different look of Python and Ruby edit-distance programs; text, tables, download files.
- http://ruby.brian-schroeder.de/editierdistanz/

C++ Java Python Ruby Side by Side Code Comparison
- Extensive insightful comments on essay: C++ vs. Java vs. Python vs. Ruby: A First Impression. [digg]
- http://www.digg.com/programming/Ruby_Python_C_Java_Side_By_Side_Code_Comparison/

C++ vs. Java vs. Python vs. Ruby: A First Impression
- Essay compares aspects of the languages, one page allows matched comparing of code of a red-black tree algorithm in each language.
- http://www.dmh2000.com/cjpr/

Accumulator Generator
- Compares canonical solutions to same problem as code samples in: C++, Dylan, E, Erlang, Haskell, JavaScript, Lisp (Arc, Common, Goo, Scheme), Lua, Maple, Mathematica, Oz-Mozart, NewtonScript, Perl, Python, REBOL, Ruby, Smalltalk, VBScript. [Paul Graham]
- http://www.paulgraham.com/accgen.html

Lisp as an Alternative to Java
- Ron Garret / Erann Gat comparison, starts from 1999 Prechelt study results, adds many insights; as text, a few tables. [Intelligence]
- http://www.flownet.com/gat/papers/lisp-java.pdf

Four-fold Increase in Productivity and Quality
- Published internal study, of Ericsson AXD 301 ATM switch project, using Erlang, C, C++, Java. Results: programmer productivity, code error rates, roughly proportional to source code size.
- http://www.erlang.se/publications/Ulf_Wiger.pdf

What Languages Fix
- Compares many languages in brief text, describes each by the problem it fixes. [Paul Graham]
- http://paulgraham.com/fix.html

Benchmark Execution Speed of LabVIEW Applications
- Compares 2 LabVIEW versions with C: brief text, 1 table. [National Instruments]
- http://zone.ni.com/devzone/conceptd.nsf/webmain/DC9B6DD177D91D6286256C9400733D7F

Simple Programs in Various Different Programming Languages
- Common algorithms and other sample code in the languages: Bash and Bourne shells, C/C++, Java, MATLAB/Octave, Perl, Python, Ruby, Scheme.
- http://cer.freeshell.org/renma/

Programming Language Critiques: Pascal, C, C++, and C-Linda
- Text compares languages on many points; by Jim Basney.
- http://www.infoplanic.ch/teko/thema/pascal/pashtml/critique.html

ASP vs. PHP
- Brief text compares website building languages ASP, PHP on several points. [WebProNews]
- http://www.webpronews.com/expertarticles/expertarticles/wpn-62-20051222ASPvsPHP.html

Programming Language Comparison
- Table and text compares many features of some popular object-oriented languages: C++, C#, Eiffel, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk, Visual Basic.
- http://www.jvoegele.com/software/langcomp.html

Comparing Mercury and Haskell
- Compares type systems, all text. Uses Haskell 98 since Mercury type system is more like Haskell than ML, and Haskell 98 is best documented, most well-known Haskell.
- http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/research/mercury/information/comparison_with_haskell.html

C# Strikes a Chord
- Compares 4 languages: C, C++, C#, Java. Shows family genealogy. [Dr. Dobb's Journal]
- http://www.ddj.com/documents/s=875/ddj0065g/

C#: A Language Alternative or Just J--?, Part 1
- Compares C# to Java, describes features and design trade-offs, places C# in context of broader Microsoft .Net strategy. Text, tables, code samples, links. By Mark Johnson. First article of 2-part series. [JavaWorld]
- http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-11-2000/jw-1122-csharp1.html

Qtime Collection, FTP Download, Gzipped
- Display time as English sentence, coded in: AWK, C, ICI, Icon, JavaScript, Lite/mSQL, PHP3, Pike, Python, REBOL, Rexx, Ruby, SLang, Spanner. Tested on only Linux (all) and AmigaOS (C and Rexx versions).
- ftp://www.ibiblio.org/pub/linux/devel/lang/misc/

HOPL: An Interactive Roster of Programming Languages
- History of Programming Languages encyclopedia, over 8,500 languages, full verified references, code samples, big bibliography, biographical-institutional material, 4,000 language family tree.
- http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/

Ray Tracer Language Comparison
- Mini ray tracer benchmark written equivalently in C++, Java, SML, Objective Caml, Lisp, Scheme. Compares verbosity, performance; text, code samples, tables, image, graph. [Flying Frog Consultancy]
- http://www.ffconsultancy.com/free/ray_tracer/languages.html

C++??: A Critique of C++ (3rd ed.)
- A critical view on the C++ and C programming language.
- http://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/SOFTWARE/OO/tools/java/misc/ACritiqueOfC++.pdf

Io Comparisons
- Compares a few variables (size, speed, syntax) in many languages: Brain, C, Cel, F-Script, Forth (gForth, pForth), Icon, Java (Kaffe), Lisp (CLisp, Guile, LispMe, Scheme48), Lua, Perl, Pike, Python, Ruby, Self, Smalltalk (GNU, Squeak, SuperCollider), Tcl.
- http://www.iolanguage.com/about/simplicity/

Linux Number Crunching: Benchmarking Languages
- Compares performance of Intel Fortran and C++, gcc, and IBM, Sun and GNU Java compilers, on an Intel Linux platform.
- http://www.coyotegulch.com/reviews/number_crunching/

The Computer Language Benchmarks Game
- Performance measurements and source code for ~25 benchmark programs in ~25 languages; with side-by-side comparisons for any 2 programming languages, and an interactive weighted ranking for all the languages.
- http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/

Programming Language Benchmarks
- Compares the same program in Ada, C, Forth, FORTRAN, Java, Lisp, Perl, R, Ruby. Goal: support decisions in language choice for making compute-intensive Web programs. Text, table, code samples.
- http://dan.corlan.net/bench.html

Schizoid Classes: Of Class, Type, and Method
- Compares Java and Smalltalk, in text and table. By Rodney Bates. [ACM Queue]
- http://acmqueue.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=205

History and Comparison of Programming Languages
- Files compare statements in several different languages, tracing from early to present languages.
- http://www.gavilan.edu/csis/languages/history.html

Languages Versus D
- Growing table compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, Delphi, Python, Perl, Eiffel, Sather, Smalltalk, Lisp/CLOS, Ada. Many clarifying comments below. [Wiki4D, Open Content]
- http://www.prowiki.org/wiki4d/wiki.cgi?LanguagesVersusD

Water Comparisons
- Two medium length documents compare object-oriented languages: Water with ConciseXML syntax, to JSP (JavaServer Pages) and Java; 1 brief list compares Water to PHP.
- http://waterlanguage.org/Comparisons.html

The Case against C
- Five short essays compare C (and C++ by extension) to Fortran: Why C is Not a Good Numerical Language, Why C is Not a Good First Language, C's Poor Loop Constructs, C's Pointers and Optimisation, Optimisation through Directives.
- http://www.tcm.phy.cam.ac.uk/~mjr/C/

The C Family of Languages
- Interview with Dennis Ritchie, Bjarne Stroustrup, James Gosling.
- http://www.gotw.ca/publications/c_family_interview.htm

Dylan Competitive Analysis
- Compares Dylan, Smalltalk, Objective-C, C/C++. Long document.
- http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~brd/cs212/handouts/comparison.htm

An Empirical Comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl
- By Lutz Prechelt. Neutral, quantitative analysis of 7 languages in title, for 7 variables, via 80 implementations of the same requirement set. PDF format. [IEEE Computer]
- http://page.mi.fu-berlin.de/~prechelt/Biblio/jccpprt_computer2000.pdf

Survey of Programming Languages Associated with the Web
- General feature comparisons, explanations.
- http://faculty.frostburg.edu/cosc/htracy/cosc120/MODULES120/NetPL/PL_Net.htm

Comparisons of Tcl with Other Systems
- Many comparisons between Tcl/Tk and other similar systems, most copied from comp.lang.tcl.
- http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/sai/ss96/uxdb2/comparison.html

99 Bottles of Beer on the Wall
- Shows source code implementation for the same simple program across over 250 different programming languages.
- http://www.99-bottles-of-beer.net/

My Programming Language Crisis
- Some points on language design by Keith Waclena.
- http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/keith/crisis/crisis.html

Nine Language Performance Round-up: Benchmarking Math & File I/O
- Small-scale benchmark test run on 9 languages or variants: Java 1.3.1 and 1.4.2, C via gcc 3.3.1, Python 2.3.2 and via Psyco 1.1.1, 4 from Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003: Visual Basic/C#/C++/J#.
- http://www.osnews.com/story.php?news_id=5602

TMXxine Languages
- Brief comparison Curl with High Level assembler, BCX, Dark Basic, Mono (C#/.Net implementation), Python, Squeak, XBasic/XBlite. Curl applet examples.
- http://www.cyber-shaktipat.org/relax/languages.html

Programming Languages Mini-howto
- Briefly compares major Linux programming languages: C, C++, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Perl, PHP, Python, Tcl; by Risto S. Varanka.
- http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Programming-Languages.html

Comparison of Oberon-2 with Modula-2
- Short text summary of main features of Oberon-2; target audience: Modula-2 programmers unfamiliar with Oberon-2, but familiar with object-oriented and extensible programming concepts.
- http://www.zel.org/oberon/compo2m2.htm

Programming Language Categories
- Brief text compares 6 basic language types: general scripting, programmer scripting, application development, low-level, pure functional, complete core.
- http://www.cs.oberlin.edu/~jwalker/languageCategories.html

Examples of Programs in Different Programming Languages
- Compares 129 (or 157?) languages, via 418 code samples, and growing.
- http://www.ntecs.de/old-hp/uu9r/lang/html/lang.en.html

Java and Smalltalk Syntax Compared
- Table and notes compare some elements of syntax of Java 1.1 to Smalltalk-80.
- http://www.chimu.com/publications/JavaSmalltalkSyntax.html

TUNES Project: Programming Languages
- Over 200 languages described, mostly original commentary, many deep insights, over 1,000 links. [Open Content]
- http://cliki.tunes.org/Programming%20Languages

Ted Shieh's Programming Language Comparison
- A comparison of the features of and demand for some of the major programming languages.
- http://www.liquidmarkets.com/?name=lc&id=3

Is .NET's C Sharper Than C++ or Java?
- By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. Text compares a few aspects of C#, Java, C++. [NewsFactor]
- http://www.newsfactor.com/perl/story/20584.html

Developer's Dilemma: Perl or PHP?
- By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. How to choose between two languages that are both very popular for Web development? Text, forum comments. [NewsFactor]
- http://www.newsfactor.com/perl/story/19912.html

Quantifying the Debate: Ada vs. C++
- Tables and text compare Ada 83/95, C, C++; mainly costs, reliability. By Donald J. Reifer. [CrossTalk]
- http://www.stsc.hill.af.mil/crosstalk/1996/07/quantify.asp

TIOBE Programming Community Index: TPCI
- Updated monthly. Shows language popularity via world-wide availability of skilled engineers, courses, 3rd party vendors. Calculated from search engines Google, MSN, Yahoo.
- http://www.tiobe.com/tpci.htm

The BNF Web Club Language
- Browse, explore some programming language syntax rules, see relations between rules, understand them via BNF (Backus-Naur Form notation) and syntactic diagrams: SQL, PL/SQL, SQL2, IDL; Ada 95, Java, Modula-2; Lazy, Lisp, M5.
- http://cui.unige.ch/db-research/Enseignement/analyseinfo/

Java Benchmark
- By Rene Grothmann. Compares sieve algorithm in Java and C/C++. Text, tables, live comparison applet.
- http://mathsrv.ku-eichstaett.de/MGF/homes/grothmann/java/bench/Bench.html

1% the Code
- Chuck Moore, father of Forth, says programs can be far smaller in colorForth than C. No code samples.
- http://www.colorforth.com/1percent.html

Just Say No to Microsoft: Programming Languages
- Describes dozens of mostly living languages, grouped by family similarities. Most are alternatives to Microsoft.
- http://microsoft.toddverbeek.com/lang.html

D vs Other Languages
- Yes-No table with definitions compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, on: GC, functions, arrays, OOP, performance, reliability, compatibility, conditional compiling. [Digital Mars]
- http://www.digitalmars.com/d/comparison.html

What I Hate About Your Programming Language
- Text treats general aspects of language choices, then compares hatred of Perl, Python, Ruby, PHP, Java, C, C++, JavaScript, XSLT, SQL. With many forum comments. [ONLamp.com]
- http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2003/05/12/languagephilosophy.html

Syntax Across Languages
- Operator names and syntax elements in various programming languages.
- http://merd.net/pixel/language-study/syntax-across-languages.html

C# from a Java Developer's Perspective
- Thorough article by Dare Obasanjo, treats most similarities and differences between the two languages: features in Java and not in C#, and features in C# and not in Java. Text, tables, code, resources.
- http://www.25hoursaday.com/CsharpVsJava.html

Programming Information from HB
- Text descriptions compare C/C++, Java, Pascal, Basic, VeraStream; Oracle; HTML, XML; JavaScript, PHP.
- http://www.cybercomm.nl/~broers/programming.html

What's Wrong with Perl
- Author explains what he considers wrong about Perl, presents Python as an alternative. Descriptions, code samples, links.
- http://www.garshol.priv.no/download/text/perl.html

Timing Trials, or, the Trials of Timing: Experiments with Scripting and User-Interface Languages
- By Brian Kernighan, Christopher Van Wyk. Compares how fast C, Awk, Perl, Tcl, Java, Visual Basic, Limbo, Scheme, run a range of representative tasks. Text, tables, graphs, code samples.
- http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/bwk/interps/pap.html

ACM "Hello, World" Project
- List of the famous "Hello, World!" programming teaching program, in hundreds of different languages.
- http://www2.latech.edu/~acm/HelloWorld.shtml

Are Scripting Languages the Wave of the Future?
- Programming guru, Robert Martin, on languages of the coming decade. [ITworld.com]
- http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/1262/itw-0314-rcmappdevint/

Ada, C, C++, and Java vs. The Steelman
- Compares 4 programming languages (Ada 95, C, C++, Java) with the needs of "Steelman", original 1978 requirements document for Ada language. Big detailed table.
- http://www.adahome.com/History/Steelman/steeltab.htm

Fortran 90 vs. Ada 95
- Compares Ada 95 to Fortran 90 via code samples, text. Well reasoned and written, many examples. Finds Ada equal or better than Fortran in all aspects but one marginal trait.
- http://fedelma.astro.univie.ac.at/web/fortran90_ada95.html

Ada 95, Java, and C++
- Some think Java is like C++. Usual C++ idioms do not apply to Java as it is not a C++ superset or subset; Java is a derivation with many modifications, extensions. Both language syntax are alike, but semantics and philosophy are very different. Java is ne
- http://www.adahome.com/Resources/Languages/chart3.html

Inferno/Limbo vs. JavaOS/Java
- A small overview of the differences between Inferno/Limbo and JavaOS/Java.
- http://www.cs.hut.fi/~kny/inferno/compare.html

Is Turing a Better Language for Teaching Programming than Pascal?
- Compares Turing to Pascal, long text document, no tables or graphs; by Jacqueline L. Martin, 1996, many references.
- http://www.holtsoft.com/turing/essay.html

Comparing Development Costs of C and Ada
- Article by Stephen F. Zeigler. Analysis of a case where most variables were controlled enough to make a comparison between development costs (time, error rates, code size, ...) of the 2 languages.
- http://www.adaic.com/whyada/ada-vs-c/cada_art.html

University of Michigan's Language Guide
- Each entry includes history, description, code examples, and references.
- http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis400/

Java vs. JavaScript
- Compares similarities, differences. By First Step Communications.
- http://www.firststep.com.au/education/solid_ground/javadiff.html

CLOS, Eiffel, and Sather: A Comparison
- Comprehensive, many references; zipped Postscript, inlined gifs.
- http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/~sather/Publications/tr-91-047.html

Sun's Comparison of Language Features
- Table graphic, uses good-fair-poor metric, compares Java, Smalltalk, Tcl, Perl, Shells, C, C++.
- http://www.npac.syr.edu/users/gcf/cps616java96/foilsepimagedir/023IMAGE.html

Guidelines for Choosing a Computer Language: Support for the Visionary Organizations
- Multipage study compares: 4GL/5GL, 3GL (Ada 95, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Java, Smalltalk), 2GL (Assembly). Divides language (definition) from traits of products that implement and support it. Several sections, tables, appendixes.
- http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/content.htm

Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language
- Brian Kernighan's comparison of Pascal and C
- http://www.lysator.liu.se/c/bwk-on-pascal.html

Contrast Ruby and Other Languages
- Ruby vs Perl, Python, Tcl, Java, Eiffel, C++. Very short, some humor. English, Japanese version.
- http://www.math.sci.hokudai.ac.jp/~gotoken/ruby/compar.shtml

The ROT13 Page
- ROT13 implemented in many programming languages.
- http://www.miranda.org/~jkominek/rot13/

Ruby Versus Nine Object-Oriented Languages
- Compares Ruby, Objective-C, Smalltalk-80, C++, Java, Python, CLOS, Perl5, PHP, Dylan.
- http://www.approximity.com/ruby/Comparison_rb_st_m_java.html

Java vs. C#
- Code for code comparison. All features on both languages are compared.
- http://www.javacamp.org/javavscsharp/index.html

A Comparative Overview of C#
- Also compares C#, Java, C++. By Ben Albahari.
- http://genamics.com/developer/csharp_comparative.htm

Python Compared to Other Languages
- Many links to comparisons involving Python.
- http://www.python.org/doc/Comparisons.html

The Quine Page
- Collection of self-reproducing programs: each outputs a copy of its own source code; about 60 languages.
- http://www.nyx.net/~gthompso/quine.htm

PLEAC: Programming Language Examples Alike Cookbook
- Suite of common programming problems solved in Ada, C++, Erlang, Guile, Haskell, Java, Masd, merd, NASM, Objective Caml, Perl, Pliant, Python, Ruby, Tcl.
- http://pleac.sourceforge.net/

The Zen of Python
- Compares traits of many languages, without naming any; by Tim Peters.
- http://www.awaretek.com/zen.html

Reasons for TOM
- TOM attempts to address flaws in these languages: C++, Cecil, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Java, Objective-C, Smalltalk.
- http://gerbil.org/tom/doc/why.shtml

Programming Language Critiques
- Annotated links to critiques (Older version, by original author)
- http://www.ai.mit.edu/people/pdp8/critiques/critiques.html

A Comparison of C++, FORTRAN 90 and Oberon-2 for Scientific Programming
- The report concludes by a personal assessment of the three languages with respect to the numerical context. By Bernd Mösli. The reader's experience in scientific programming in C or FORTRAN would be advantageous.
- http://www.arithmetica.ch/Oberon/CFORTRANOberon.nhtml